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Thomas Robert Malthus, the son of Daniel Malthus, a country gentleman living in Surrey, was born on Feb. 14, 1766. Entering Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1785, he was 9th Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos in 1 788 ; took Holy Orders ; and in 1797 was elected to a Fellowship at his college. In 1805 he was appointed Professor of History and Political Economy at the East India College at Haileybury, a position which he retained until his death on Dec. 29, 1834. By his marriage in 1804 he had two daughters and a son.
His Essay on the Principle of Population arose out of discussions with his father, — who had been the executor of Rousseau, — over the opinions of William Godwin. In its first form, as published in 1798, it was a small loosely printed 8vo of 396 pp. : about one-third of it is here reprinted.
In its second form, as published in 1803, it was a 4to of 604 pp., containing about four times as much matter : about one-twentieth of it is here reprinted. The third edition appeared in 1806, the fourth in 1807, the fifth in 181 7, the sixth in 1826. It was translated into German by Hegewisch (1807), and into French by Prevost (1809, 2nd ed. 1852).
The other writings of Malthus were, The High Price of Provisions (1800), Observations on the Com Laws, Grounds of an Opinion on the Policy of restricting Importation, The Nature and Progress of Petit (1814 and 1815), Political Economy (1820), Measure of Value (1823), Definitions in Political Economy (1827), and Summary View (1830). In 1823 he contributed an article to the Quarterly Review on Tooke, and in 1824 another on The New Political Economy ; and in 1824 he also wrote the article on Population in the Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The chief authorities for his life are the biographical preface to the 2nd edition of his Political Economy (1836), by his friend, Bishop Otter, and the review of it by his colleague, Professor Empson, in the Edinburgh Review for January, 1837. The particulars thus derived have been supplemented from various sources in the biographical chapter of Mr. James Bonar’s Malthus and his Work (1885).
The relation of the argument of the first edition of the Essay to that of the second has been the subject of comment by several writers, among whom may be mentioned Richard Jones {Literary Remains, 1859), Bagehot {Economic Studies, 1880), Mr. James Bonar (as above cited, and in Philosophy and Political Economy, 1893), Dr. J. K. Ingram {History of Political Economy, 1888, reprinted from Encyclopaedia Britannica 1887), Professor Luigi Cossa {Introduction to the Study of Political Economy, 1893), and Mr. Edwin Cannan {Theories of Production and Distribution, 1893).
In reprinting the chapters from the first and second editions the original spelling and punctuation have been followed. After the second edition the text of the work remained substantially the same ; but frequent changes of diction were made, in most cases to improve the style, but in some to remove objections by more carefully guarded statement.
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